Understanding Earthquakes and Volcanoes in Ethiopia: Insights from Geology

Ethiopia’s earthquakes and volcanoes result from the geological activities associated with the East African Rift Valley. Recent events in Fentale exemplify ongoing tectonic processes that have the potential to create a new ocean. Seismic activity, including over 200 earthquakes within months, underscores the importance of monitoring and preparedness for volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Studies suggest several outcomes based on the behavior of magma beneath the surface, emphasizing the need for better predictive capabilities.

Ethiopia’s geological activity stems from the long-term movements of tectonic plates that have resulted in both earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Profound geological changes began eighteen million years ago with the separation of continents to form the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Approximately eleven million years ago, a fissure emerged beneath the Afar Depression, leading to the conditions we observe today.

The region lies atop a dynamic mantle, a semi-solid layer that convects due to heat from Earth’s core. This movement enables molten rock to intrude through the earth’s crust in vulnerable areas, resulting in volcanic eruptions. Concurrently, the mantle’s motion causes the earth’s surface to slowly pull apart, leading to rifts, with friction triggering significant seismic activity that manifests as earthquakes.

The Afar region is noted for its high volcanic and tectonic activity, as illustrated by a recent series of tremors in Fentale and Dofan. Despite no recent eruptions, over 200 earthquakes were recorded in five months, with the strongest registering 6.0 on the Richter scale. These quakes have caused considerable damage to infrastructure in nearby areas, including Addis Ababa, located almost 190 kilometers from the epicenter.

Historically, the most notable earthquake in this region occurred in 1989, which measured 6.5 on the Richter scale, illustrating the potential risks associated with such geological activity. Although no eruptions have occurred recently, the last recorded eruption in Fentale was in 1820, and seismic activity often precedes volcanic eruptions.

Studies using satellite radar demonstrate that beneath Fentale, hot molten rock is rising from a depth of about ten kilometers. This activity suggests three possible scenarios: cooling of the molten material into solid rock, vertical or lateral eruptions, or interactions with other masses of molten material leading to potential eruptions or cooling.

Geological complexities necessitate improved predictive measures to reduce risks for communities near these geologically active areas. Experts propose implementing monitoring systems that include gas measurements and GPS monitoring, alongside fostering collaborative efforts between researchers and governmental bodies to effectively communicate with and support at-risk populations.

Ethiopia’s unique geological landscape is characterized by both earthquakes and volcanic activity resulting from deep-seated tectonic processes. Recent seismic events highlight the ongoing rifting associated with the Afar region, revealing the need for enhanced monitoring and predictive strategies to safeguard affected communities. As scientific understanding of these dynamics evolves, appropriate measures can mitigate risks posed by potential volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

Original Source: www.downtoearth.org.in